APA format

1) Minimum 23 pages  (No word count per page)- Follow the 3 x 3 rule: minimum of three paragraphs per page

You must strictly comply with the number of paragraphs requested per page.  

The number of words in each paragraph should be similar

         Part 1: minimum 5 pages (Due 72 hours)

         Part 2: minimum 5 pages (Due 24 hours)

         Part 3: minimum 5 pages (Due 24 hours)

         Part 4: minimum 4 pages (Due 48 hours)

         Part 5: minimum 4 pages (Due 24 hours)

        

Submit 1 document per part

2)¨******APA norms

        The number of words in each paragraph should be similar

        Must be written in the 3 person

         All paragraphs must be narrative and cited in the text- each paragraph

         The writing must be coherent, using connectors or conjunctive to extend, add information, or contrast information. 

         Bulleted responses are not accepted

         Don’t write in the first person 

         Do not use subtitles or titles      

         Don’t copy and paste the questions.

         Answer the question objectively, do not make introductions to your answers, answer it when you start the paragraph

Submit 1 document per part

3)****************************** It will be verified by Turnitin (Identify the percentage of exact match of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks) 

********************************It will be verified by SafeAssign (Identify the percentage of similarity of writing with any other resource on the internet and academic sources, including universities and data banks)

4) Minimum 7 references (APA format) per part not older than 5 years  (Journals, books) (No websites)

All references must be consistent with the topic-purpose-focus of the parts. Different references are not allowed 

5) Identify your answer with the numbers, according to the question. Start your answer on the same line, not the next

 Example:

Q 1. Nursing is XXXXX

Q 2. Health is XXXX

Q3. Research is…………………………………………………. (a) The relationship between……… (b) EBI has to

6) You must name the files according to the part you are answering: 

Example:

Part 1.doc 

Part 2.doc

__________________________________________________________________________________

The number of words in each paragraph should be similar

 

Part 1: Theoretical and nursing 

Topic: Critical Research Appraisal Assignment

Goal: You will critically appraise a research design

1. Briefly, describe the characteristics of qualitative research and 

a. Identify nursing issues/phenomena that lend themselves to a qualitative research approach.

2. Compare and contrast three different qualitative research methodologies.

a. Grounded theory

b. Phenomenological

c. Ethnography

3. Briefly, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research evidence for informing nursing practice.

a. Communicate how this research design used in research.

4. According to Qualitative research file explain:

a. Identify the purpose of the study.

b. Design of the study

i. Explain why you think it is either appropriate or inappropriate to meet the purpose.

5. dentify ethical issues related to the study and how they were/were not addressed and 

a. Identify the sampling method

i. Recruitment strategy that was used.

ii. Discuss whether sampling and recruitment were appropriate to the aims of the research.

6. Identify the data collection method(s) and

a. Discuss whether the method(s) is/are appropriate to the aims of the study.

b. Identify how the data was analyzed

i. Discuss whether the method(s) of analysis is/are appropriate to the aims of the study.

7. Identify four (4) criteria by which the rigor of a qualitative project can be judged.

a. Discuss the rigor of this study using the four criteria. 

b. Describe the findings of the study

c.Identify any limitations.

8. Discuss the trustworthiness and applicability of the study. 

a. Include in your discussion any implications for the discipline of nursing.

9. Describe the characteristics of quantitative research.

a. Identify nursing issues/phenomena that lend themselves to a quantitative research approach

10. Differentiate between observational and interventional research designs

a. Also between experimental and quasi-experimental designs.

b.Outline the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics and their relationship to levels of measurement.

c. Communicate how this research design used in research.

11. According to Qualitative research explain:

a. Identify the purpose and design of the study.

b. Explain what is meant by ‘blinding’ and ‘randomization’ and discuss c. how these were addressed in the design of the study.

d. Identify ethical issues related to the study and how they were/were not addressed.

12. Explain the sampling method and

a. Recruitment strategy that was used.

b. Discuss how the sample size was determined 

c. Outline how the data was collected and identify any data collection instrument(s).

13. Define the terms validity and reliability and 

a. Discuss how the validity & reliability of the instruments were/were not addressed in this study and why this is important.

b. Outline how the data were analyzed.

14. Identify the statistics used and the level of measurement of the data described by each statistical test – include in your discussion an explanation of terms used.

a. Briefly, outline the findings and identify any limitations of the study

15. Discuss the trustworthiness and applicability of the study. 

a. Include in your discussion an explanation of the term statistical significance and name the tests of statistical significance used in this study.

 

Part 2: Advanced Pharmacology

Topic: Pharmacology effects of HIV drug during pregnancy.

Disease state:  HIV during pregnancy

1. Introduce the topic (One paragraph)

a. Static data at the global level

b. Static data the USA

2. Describe the  HIV during pregnancy (One paragraph)

3. Describe the pathophysiology of the disease state. (One paragraph)

4. Describe the three main pharmacological agents used for treatment and their effects

a. EFV (One paragraph)

b. lamivudine (3TC)  (One paragraph)

c. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (One paragraph)

5.  Describe the effects e expected of the three pharmacological agents used for treatment and their effects

a. EFV (One paragraph)

b. lamivudine (3TC)  (One paragraph)

c. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (One paragraph)

6. Describe the side effects e expected of the three pharmacological agents used for treatment and their effects

a. EFV (One paragraph)

b. lamivudine (3TC)  (One paragraph)

c. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (One paragraph)

7. Describe the treatment education related to advanced practice nurse.

a. EFV (One paragraph)

b. lamivudine (3TC)  (One paragraph)

c. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (One paragraph)

 

Part 3: Decision-making

Topic/ current issue: Higher pay for travel nurses

According to the topic explain:

1. Introduction (One paragraph)

2. Describe that calls into question the alignment of values between an organization and the values of the clinical nurse/advanced practice nurse (Two paragraphs)

3. Describe how its impacts staff nurse engagement and patient outcomes.(Two paragraphs)

4. Discuss how a nurse can use effective relational inquiry models and practical approaches to overcome this current issue (Two paragraphs)

5. Describe their resulting workplace challenges (Two paragraphs)

6. How to encourage collaboration across groups, and (Two paragraphs)

a. Promote effective problem-solving.

b. How to incorporate the system needs and the culture of health may influence the outcomes. 

7. How does this current issue relate to health promotion and disease prevention in the larger picture? (Two paragraphs)

8. Identify a specific instance from your own professional experience in which the values of the organization and the values of clinical nurse/advanced practice nurses did or did not align (Two paragraphs)

a. Describe the impact this had on nurse engagement and patient outcomes.

 

Part 4: Community Nursing

Topic:    H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Pandemic   

Page 1

1.  Introduction (general) (one paragraph)

2. Introduction to  H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Pandemic   (one paragraph)

3. Mention and describe 3 signs and  3 symptoms of   H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Pandemic, and :(one paragraph)

a. How do you diagnose this infectious disease?

4. Outline the factors that may have contributed to the emergence or re-emergence of   H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) Pandemic   as an infectious disease (one paragraph)

5. How would you prevent a similar occurrence? (one paragraph)

6. Mention the goals of Healthy People 2020 to reduce  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and (one paragraph):

a. Prevention and control of   Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome    Control Guidelines.

7. Is there a CDC priority for public health response to this specific infectious disease? and (one paragraph)

a. Why

8. What is your thought about emerging antibiotic -resistant microorganisms? (one paragraph) ( Write in the first person)

9. What is your role as a community health nurse? (one paragraph) ( Write in the first person)

10. Mention research studies (at least 3 peer-reviewed journal articles) that validate the information presented through your work. (Two paragraphs)

11. Conclusion (one paragraph)

Part 5: Biology Lab

1. Describe functional-evolutionary diversity of fishes (One paragraph)

a. Body shape and locomotory adaptations

b. Adaptations to freshwater vs. saltwater habitats

2. Describe the external and internal morphological adaptations of fishes about their habitats (Two paragraphs: One paragraph for “a” and “b”; One paragraph for “c” and “d”)

a. Mouth type

b. Position

c. Size

d. Teeth type

3. Describe the external and internal morphological adaptations of fishes about their behaviors   (Two paragraphs: One paragraph for “a” and “b”; One paragraph for “c”)

a.  Anatomy of the fins (size, shape)

b.  Types of behaviors: prey and depredator

c. Digestive systems (length of the intestines, carnivores, omnivores, herbivores)

4. Comet goldfish small, explain  (One paragraph)

a. Where the species is present

b. where in the world it is found in the wild

c.  Geographical distribution

d. Maximum recorded size

e. Habitat preference

f. Diet and trophic level

g. Behavior

5. Blue gourami, explain (One paragraph)

a. Where the species is present

b. where in the world it is found in the wild

c.  Geographical distribution

d. Maximum recorded size

e. Habitat preference

f. Diet and trophic level

g. Behavior

6. Opaline gourami, explain (One paragraph)

a. Where the species is present

b. where in the world it is found in the wild

c.  Geographical distribution

d. Maximum recorded size

e. Habitat preference

f. Diet and trophic level

g. Behavior

7.  For Opaline gourami, Blue gourami and Comet goldfish small explain their needdes in a tank: (Three paragraphs: One paragraph for Opaline gourami; One paragraph Blue gourami and One paragraph for Comet goldfish small)

a. Abiotic tank conditions

b.Water temperature 

c. Water visibility

d. Water salinity

e.  Water alkalinity

f.  Tank features such as décor, rocks, logs, etc

g. Biotic features

h. Compatibility of other species in the tank (e.g., fishes, plants, corals, shrimp, snails, sea stars, etc.)

8. Opaline gourami, Blue gourami and Comet goldfish small  compare (Two paragraphs)

a. Morphology

b. habitats

c. Trophic level,

d. Coloration

e. Behavior.

9.  Of three species, Why the fastest species is Comet goldfish small? (Two paragraphs)

a.  Explain any relationship between its shape and swimming speed compared to the slowest species (Opaline gourami and Blue gourami)

b. Contrast the three species with other fish species in other habitats.

10. Taking that Blue gourami is the slowest species,  have any additional defense mechanism? (One paragraph)

a. Would these species behave similarly in their natural habitats?

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Citation: Kaware, M.S.; Ibrahim, M.I.;

Shafei, M.N.; Mohd Hairon, S.;

Abdullahi, A.U. Patient Safety

Culture and Its Associated Factors: A

Situational Analysis among Nurses in

Katsina Public Hospitals, Northwest

Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public

Health 2022, 19, 3305. https://

doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063305

Academic Editor: Paul B.

Tchounwou

Received: 17 January 2022

Accepted: 9 March 2022

Published: 11 March 2022

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral

with regard to jurisdictional claims in

published maps and institutional affil-

iations.

Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article

distributed under the terms and

conditions of the Creative Commons

Attribution (CC BY) license (https://

creativecommons.org/licenses/by/

4.0/).

International Journal of

Environmental Research

and Public Health

Article

Patient Safety Culture and Its Associated Factors: A Situational
Analysis among Nurses in Katsina Public Hospitals,
Northwest Nigeria
Musa Sani Kaware 1,2, Mohd Ismail Ibrahim 1,* , Mohd Nazri Shafei 1 , Suhaily Mohd Hairon 1

and Abduljaleel Umar Abdullahi 2

1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.S.K.);
[email protected] (M.N.S.); [email protected] (S.M.H.)

2 Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University,
Katsina 820101, Katsina State, Nigeria; [email protected]

* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-97676621

Abstract: Background: Patient safety involves identifying, assessing, and managing patient-related
risks and occurrences to improve patient care and reduce patient harm. In Nigeria, there is a
lack of studies on patient safety culture, especially in the northern part of the country. This study
aimed to determine the levels and factors that contribute to nurses’ negative perceptions of patient
safety culture in public health facilities. Methodology: A total of 460 nurses were su

230  |  Nursing Open. 2017;4:230–239.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/nop2

Received: 19 October 2016  |  Accepted: 19 June 2017

DOI: 10.1002/nop2.89

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E

Patient involvement for improved patient safety: A qualitative
study of nurses’ perceptions and experiences

Janna Skagerström1  | Carin Ericsson2 | Per Nilsen3 | Mirjam Ekstedt4,5  | 
Kristina Schildmeijer4

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2017 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

1Research and Development Unit in Region
Östergötland and Department of Medical
and Health Sciences, Linköping University,
Linköping, Sweden
2Centre of Heart and Medicine, Region
Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
3Department of Medical and Health
Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping,
Sweden
4Department of Health and Caring
Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
5Department of Learning, Informatics,
Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden

Correspondence
Janna Skagerström, Research and
Development Unit in Local Health Care,
Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
Email: janna.skagerstrom@regionostergotland.
se

Funding information
This study was funded by The Swedish Research
Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare,
FORTE, 2014-4567

Abstract
Aim: To explore nurses’ perceptions and experiences of patient involvement relevant
to patient safety.
Design: Qualitative design using individual semi- structured interviews.
Methods: Interviews with registered nurses (n = 11) and nurse assistants (n = 8) were
conducted in 2015–2016. Nurses were recruited from five different healthcare units
in Sweden. The material was analysed using conventional content analysis.
Results: The analysis resulted in four categories: healthcare professionals’ ways of in-
fluencing patient involvement for safer care; patients’ ways of influencing patient in-
volvement for safer care; barriers to patient involvement for safer care; and relevance
of patient involvement for safer care. The nurses expressed that patient involvement
is a shared responsibility. They also emphasized that healthcare provider has a respon-
sibility to create opportunities for the patient to participate. According to the nurses,
involvement can be hindered by factors related to the patient, the healthcare provider
and the healthcare system. However, respondents expressed that patient involvement
can lead to safer care and benefits for individual patients.

K E Y W O R D S

barriers, determinants, facilitators, nurses, patient involvement, patient safety

1  | INTRODUCTION

Patient safety has progressed over the last 15 years from being a
relativel