Hearing & eye age-related diseases

After studying Module 5: Lecture Materials & Resources, discuss the following:

Define presbycusis, name signs and symptoms, etiology and differential diagnosis.
Create 3 interventions-education measures with a patient with Presbycusis.
List, define and elaborate on three different retinal and macular diseases age-related.

Submission Instructions:

Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.

Read and watch the lecture resources & materials below early in the week to help you respond to the discussion questions and to complete your assignment(s).

Read

Meiner, S. E., & Yeager, J. J. (2019).
- Chapter 17
  Chapter_017.pptx Download Chapter_017.pptx
- Chapter 18
  Chapter_018.pptx Download Chapter_018.pptx
- Chapter 19
  Chapter_019.pptx Download Chapter_019.pptx
- Chapter 20
  Chapter_020.pptx

Chapter 18

Sensory Function

Eyelids lose tone and become lax.

Conjunctiva thins and yellows in appearance.

Sclera may develop brown spots; cornea yellows and develops noticeable surrounding ring.

Pupil decreases in size and loses some ability to constrict.

Lens increases in density and rigidity.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function: Vision (1 of 2)

Peripheral vision decreases, night vision diminishes, and sensitivity to glare increases.

Gradual reduction in the ability to see colors in aging along with color

Examination of retina: blood vessels narrow and straighten; arteries seem opaque and gray; and drusen, localized areas of hyaline degeneration, may be noted as gray or yellow spots near macula.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function: Vision (2 of 2)

Floaters appear as dots, wiggly lines, or clouds moving in field of vision, more pronounced when looking at plain background.

Caused by degeneration of vitreous gel

Normal and harmless

Flashers—illusion of flashing lights or lightning streaks, last 10–20 minutes

Occur when the vitreous fluid inside the eye rubs or pulls on the retina

Likely to be caused by a spasm of blood vessels in the brain called a migraine

Floaters and Flashers

Quantity and quality of tear production diminish with aging.

Symptoms: stinging, burning, scratchiness

Treatment: OTC artificial tears, closing the lacrimal drainage system, use of humidifier

Dry Eyes

After age 40—diminished ability to focus clearly on close objects

Accommodation is impaired when lens thickens and loses elasticity.

Ciliary muscles weaken the lens’ ability to contract.

Treatment involves wearing reading glasses or bifocals.

Presbyopia

Chronic inflammation of eyelid margins

Caused by seborrheic dermatitis or infection

Symptoms: red, swollen eyelids, matting and crusting along base of eyelash at margins, small ulcerations along lid margins, irritation, itching, burning, tearing, and photophobia

Treatment: remove bacteria and heal affected areas; teach scrupulous eye hygiene.

Blepharitis

Second

Chapter 17

Integumentary Function

Is to serve as barrier against harmful bacteria and other threatening agents; skin is the first line of defense for the immune system

Prevents fluid loss or dehydration

Protects the body from ultraviolet (UV) rays and other external environmental hazards

Protects underlying organs from injury

Provides thermal regulation of body temperature

Primary Function of Skin

Replacement rate of first layer of epidermis declines by 50% as person ages.

Area of contact between epidermis and dermis decreases with age.

Is thinner

Number of melanocytes decreases with age.

Age spots

Age-Related Changes in Epidermis

Decreases in thickness by approximately 20%

Number of sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerve endings decreases.

Collagen stiffens and becomes less soluble.

Decreased amount of subcutaneous tissue and a redistribution of fat to abdomen and thighs

Breast tissue becomes more granular and atrophic.

Age-Related Changes in the Dermis and Subcutaneous Fat

Fewer eccrine glands and apocrine sweat glands exist.

Sebaceous glands and pores become larger.

Hair thins, and its growth declines with progressive loss of melanin.

Changes in the patterns of hair growth and distribution

Nails grow more slowly and become thicker, brittle, dull and develop longitudinal striation with ridges.

Age-Related Changes in Dermal Appendages

Common, bright red, 1–5-mm superficial vascular lesions that increase in number with age

Cause of lesions unknown

Most commonly found on trunk, but can be located anywhere on body and vary in number

Benign growths

Cherry Angiomas

Benign, scaly growths with “stuck-on,” crumbly appearance; varies in color from tan to brown to black; elevated and range in diameter from 2 to 3 mm

Characterized by slow growth

Borders may be round and smooth or irregular and notched.

Have greasy feeling and often occur in sun-exposed areas but can appear anywhere on body

Seborrheic Keratoses

Common stalklike, benign tumors often found on neck, axilla, eyelids, and groin, although can be located anywhere on body.<

Chapter 19

Cardiovascular Function

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and is a major cause of disability.

Risk factors: high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, alcohol use, age, and heredity

Older adults who stay physically fit have twice the work capacity and a lower amount of body fat than older adults who are sedentary.

Introduction

Heart rate decreases, left ventricular wall thickens, increased collagen and decreased elastin in heart muscle and vessel walls, size of left atrium increases, and aortic distensibility and vascular tone decrease.

Decrease in cardiac output and reserve

S4 heart sound and grade 1 or 2 systolic murmur are common.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (1 of 2)

Conduction system

SA node, AV node, and the bundle of His become fibrotic with age; number of pacemaker cells decreases.

Vessels

Calcification of vessels occurs; elastin in vessel wall decreases; less sensitive to the baroreceptor regulation of blood pressure.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (2 of 2)

Decreased cardiac output and cardiac reserve decrease older adult’s response to stress.

During stress or stimulation, heart rate increases more slowly; once elevated, takes longer to return to the resting rate

Response to Stress and Exercise

50% of hospitalizations attributed to coronary heart disease; conditions such as strokes, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular conditions, and peripheral vascular disease account for other cardiovascular diseases.

Common Cardiovascular Problems

Nonmodifiable:

Age, gender, family history

Modifiable:

Smoking, high blood pressure, high-fat diet, obesity, physical inactivity, stress

Risk Factors

Reducing fat content will reduce cholesterol.

Stop smoking

Walking is the best activity for older adults.

Maintain healthy body weight—BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2.

If diabetic monitor for symptoms of CAD

Effectively manage stress

Be aware menopause increases

Chapter 20

Respiratory Function

Respiratory system responsible for gas exchange between environment and blood and involves two processes: ventilation and oxygenation

Processes of respiration, including rate and depth, are controlled by chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata, arch of the aorta, and in carotid artery and are sensitive to oxygen levels and pH.

Introduction

Ribs become less mobile and chest wall compliance decreases.

Osteoporosis and calcification of costal cartilage lead to increased rigidity and stiffness of thoracic cage.

Progressive loss of elastic recoil of lung parenchyma and conducting airways and reduced elastic recoil of lung and opposing forces of chest wall

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (1 of 4)

Lung becomes less elastic as collagenic substances surrounding alveoli and alveolar ducts stiffen and form cross-linkages that interfere with elastic properties of lungs.

Muscle strength declines with age, and respiratory muscles weaken.

Respiratory rates generally are faster and shallower.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (2 of 4)

Decrease in surface area available for gas exchange, which contributes to the systemic reduction in partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)

Decrease in number and effectiveness of cilia in tracheobronchial tree

Decreased immunoglobulin A (IgA) in nasal respiratory mucosal surface that neutralizes viruses

Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (3 of 4)

PaO2 drops by 1 mmHg per year—PaO2 of 70 mmHg for a 70-year-old is relatively normal (“70 at 70”).

Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia may be diminished by 50%.

Vital capacity is decreased.

Age-Related Changes in Structure and Function (4 of 4)

Increased oxygen demands during exercise periods may well exceed the abilities of older patients, and for those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), activity intolerance is exacerbated.

Smoking damages lungs, respiratory infections become more likely.

The five As of smoking cessation: asking, advising, assessing, assisting, and arranging.

Factors Affecting Lung Function (1 of 2)

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Hearing & eye age-related diseases

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