APA format
1) Minimum 24 pages (No word count per page)- Follow the 3 x 3 rule: minimum of three paragraphs per page
You must strictly comply with the number of paragraphs requested per page.
The number of words in each paragraph should be similar
Part 1: minimum 3 pages (48 hours)
Part 2: minimum 3 pages (48 hours)
Part 3: minimum 6 pages (Due 26 hours)
Part4: minimum 6 pages (Due 26 hours)
Part 5: minimum 6 pages (Due 26 hours)
Submit 1 document per part
2)¨******APA norms
The number of words in each paragraph should be similar
Must be written in the 3 person
All paragraphs must be narrative and cited in the text- each paragraph
The writing must be coherent, using connectors or conjunctive to extend, add information, or contrast information.
Bulleted responses are not accepted
Don’t write in the first person
Do not use subtitles or titles
Don’t copy and paste the questions.
Answer the question objectively, do not make introductions to your answers, answer it when you start the paragraph
Submit 1 document per part
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4) Minimum 6 references (APA format) per part not older than 5 years (Journals, books) (No websites)
All references must be consistent with the topic-purpose-focus of the parts. Different references are not allowed
5) Identify your answer with the numbers, according to the question. Start your answer on the same line, not the next
Example:
Q 1. Nursing is XXXXX
Q 2. Health is XXXX
Q3. Research is…………………………………………………. (a) The relationship between……… (b) EBI has to
6) You must name the files according to the part you are answering:
Example:
Part 1.doc
Part 2.doc
__________________________________________________________________________________
The number of words in each paragraph should be similar
Part 1: Advanced Pharmacology
Topic: Metformin
Purpose: Educate your colleagues on the drug you have selected. The presentation must include information about the:
1. Describe drug pharmacology and: (One paragraph)
a. Pharmacokinetics
2. Name (One paragraph)
a. Brand name
b. Generic name
c. Dosing
3. Indications for use and: (One paragraph)
a. Side effects
4. Contraindications (One paragraph)
a. Children
b. Mild-age
c. Elderly
5. Use during pregnancy (One paragraph)
6. Perform a cost analysis of the drug (One paragraph)
a. Local (Miami)
b. Regional (USA)
c. Global
7. Case (Three paragraphs)
a. Provide a patient case study on a patient in which you would utilize the drug you have selected (One paragraph)
b. Describe the appropriate patient education.(One paragraph)
c. What is your role as a Nurse Practitioner for prescribing this medication to this patient on your case study presentation? (One paragraph)
i. Describe the monitoring and follow-up.
Part 2: Theoretical and nursing
Topic: Pregnancy and STD
Goal: The purpose of this assignment is to identify a theory or model which can be used as a framework for a future evidence-based project
1. Describe the topic (One paragraph) and include
a. Static data in USA
i. Florida
ii. Miami
2. Describe why Health Belief Model (HBM) is relevant to your selected topic of advanced practice nursing (Two paragraphs)
3. Explain how the Health Belief Model (HBM) can be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice to address the issue or concern (One paragraph) and
a. Give an briefly example (One paragraph)
4. Discuss the unique insight or perspective offered through the application of this theory or model (One paragraph) and
a. What are the benefits for APNs if they use the model selected to apply t the topic (One paragraph)
5. Describe why the topic is relevant for evidence-based practice (One paragraph) and
a. Describe why the model is relevant for evidence-based practice (One paragraph)
Part 3: Capstone
Theoretical framework: Watson’s Caring Theory
Picot question: Is it possible that in the ICU unit with patients aged 65 years or more, the rate of errors due to incompatibility of intravenous medications is reduced by implementing a training program for nurses for 8 weeks, compared to the rate of errors before training?
It should not reflect your opinion, but rather Evidence Based Practice should be applied
1. Review of Literature (This is a synthesis rather than a study by study review) (Ten paragraphs: One paragraph per article)
a. Review and discuss literature Synthesize the10 research studies attached
b. Describe quality and applicability to your PICOT question
c. Address the similarities
i. Differences
ii. Controversies
2. Analyze and apply knowledge directly to your PICOT (Two paragraphs)
a. The studies that you cite in this section must relate directly to your PICOT question.
3. Provide precise body of evidence for your Practice Change (One paragraph)
4. Discuss objectives for your practice change (One paragraph)
5. Discuss where the problem exists and (One paragraph)
a. Why it exists
b. What is the preposition for change
6. Describe Pros vs Cons, current state of problem (One paragraph)
7. Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (Two paragphs)
Part 4: Capstone
Theoretical framework: health belief model (HBM)
Picot question: Can the implementation of a 2-month program on sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents aged 14 to 17 years improve their knowledge about the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases compared to their knowledge before the program’s implementation?
It should not reflect your opinion, but rather Evidence Based Practice should be applied
1. Review of Literature (This is a synthesis rather than a study by study review) (Ten paragraphs: One paragraph per article)
a. Review and discuss literature Synthesize the10 research studies attached
b. Describe quality and applicability to your PICOT question
c. Address the similarities
i. Differences
ii. Controversies
2. Analyze and apply knowledge directly to your PICOT (Two paragraphs)
a. The studies that you cite in this section must relate directly to your PICOT question.
3. Provide precise body of evidence for your Practice Change (One paragraph)
4. Discuss objectives for your practice change (One paragraph)
5. Discuss where the problem exists and (One paragraph)
a. Why it exists
b. What is the preposition for change
6. Describe Pros vs Cons, current state of problem (One paragraph)
7. Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (Two paragphs)
Part 5: Capstone
Theoretical framework: Orem’s self-care model
Picot question: Is it possible that the turnover rate due to burnout is reduced after implementing a mental health program for 10 weeks, compared to the nurses’ turnover rate before the program?
It should not reflect your opinion, but rather Evidence Based Practice should be applied
1. Review of Literature (This is a synthesis rather than a study by study review) (Ten paragraphs: One paragraph per article)
a. Review and discuss literature Synthesize the10 research studies attached
b. Describe quality and applicability to your PICOT question
c. Address the similarities
i. Differences
ii. Controversies
2. Analyze and apply knowledge directly to your PICOT (Two paragraphs)
a. The studies that you cite in this section must relate directly to your PICOT question.
3. Provide precise body of evidence for your Practice Change (One paragraph)
4. Discuss objectives for your practice change (One paragraph)
5. Discuss where the problem exists and (One paragraph)
a. Why it exists
b. What is the preposition for change
6. Describe Pros vs Cons, current state of problem (One paragraph)
7. Evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (Two paragphs)
Copyright 2018
This content is licensed
under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ISSN: 1679-4508 | e-ISSN: 2317-6385
Official Publication of the Instituto Israelita
de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein
1
einstein (São Paulo). 2018;16(3):1-6
Types and frequency of errors
in the preparation and administration
of drugs
Tipos e frequência de erros no preparo e na
administração de medicamentos endovenosos
Josiane Ribeiro Mendes1, Maria Carolina Barbosa Teixeira Lopes1,
Cássia Regina Vancini-Campanharo1, Meiry Fernanda Pinto Okuno1, Ruth Ester Assayag Batista1
1 Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082018AO4146
❚ ABSTRACT
Objective: To identify compatibility, types and frequency of errors in preparation and
administration of intravenous drugs. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study performed
at the emergency department of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo (SP). The sample
consisted of 303 observations of the preparation and administration of intravenous drugs by
nursing aides, nursing technicians and registered nurses, using a systematized script, similar
to a checklist. The following variables were collected: errors related to dispensing, omission,
schedule, unauthorized administration, dosage, formulation, incompatibility, preparation and
administration. Results: In the preparation stage, the following errors were identified: no
hand hygiene (70.29%), and no use of aseptic technique (80.85%). Upon administration, no
hand hygiene (81.18%), and no use of aseptic technique (84.81%). In 31.35% of observations,
there was more than one medication at the same time for the same patient, of which 17.89%
were compatible, 56.84% were incompatible and 25.26% were not tested, according to the
Micromedex database. Conclusion: In both preparation and administration stages, the most
frequent errors were no hand hygiene and no use of aseptic technique, indicating the need to
develop and implement education programs focused on patient safety.
Keywords: Emergency nursing; Patient safety; Medication errors; Administration, intravenous
❚ RESUMO
Objetivo: Identificar a compatibilidade, os tipos e a frequência de erros no preparo e na
administração de medicamentos endovenosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo,
realizado em um serviço de emergência de um hospital universitário da cidade de São Paulo (SP).
A amostra foi constituída por 303 observações do preparo e administração de medicamentos
endovenosos por auxiliares, técnicos de enfermagem e enfermeiros, tendo como instrumento
um roteiro sistematizado, do tipo checklist. As variáveis coletadas foram: erro de dispensação,
omissão, horário, administração não autorizada, dose, apresentação, incompatibilidade, e erros
de preparo e administração. Re
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269283147
Incidence of intravenous drug incompatibilities in intensive care units
Article in Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia · November 2014
DOI: 10.5507/bp.2014.057 · Source: PubMed
CITATIONS
21
READS
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4 authors:
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Drug-drug interactions in patients admitted to the hospital via the emergency department View project
HPN working group View project
Ondrej Machotka
Charles University in Prague
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University of Hradec Králové
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The Czech Academy of Sciences
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Charles University in Prague
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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
© 2017 Fekadu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.
php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work
you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For
permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).
Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice 2017:6 47–51
Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice Dovepress
submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com
Dovepress
47
O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H
open access to scientific and medical research
Open Access Full Text Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S125085
Prevalence of intravenous medication
administration errors: a cross-sectional study
Tezeta Fekadu1
Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin2
Eyerusalem Esrael1
Solomon Weldegebreal
Asgedom1
1School of Pharmacy, Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of
Health Sciences, Mekelle University,
Mekelle, 2Unit of Biomedical Science,
School of Medicine, College of Health
Sciences and Referral Hospital, Aksum
University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Background: Intravenous medication administration errors (MAEs) may be accompanied by
avoidable undesirable effects, which might result in clinical complications.
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of MAEs and to identify the
factors associated with such errors.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2015.
Data were collected by direct observation using a pretested data collection tool. Simple random
sampling was used, and bivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors
associated with MAEs. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A total of 134 patients were found to be eligible for the study. More than half of the
study participants were males (76 [56.7%]). The rate of MAE was 46.1%, with the missed
dose (n=162, 95.8%) being reported as the most common error. The age groups of 60–79 years
(adjusted odds ratio = 2.166, confidence interval = 1.532–8.799) and 80–101 years (adjusted
odds ratio = 1.52, confidence interval = 1.198–5.584) were the determinants of MAEs.
Conclusion: A high prevalence of MAEs was found. Enhancing the knowledge and practical
skills of clinical nurses might minimize such errors.
Keywords: prevalence, medication, administration, error
Back
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Nov 15; 7(21):3579-3583. 3579
ID Design Press, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2019 Nov 15; 7(21):3579-3583.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.722
eISSN: 1857-9655
Clinical Science
Medication Errors and Their Relationship with Care Complexity
and Work Dynamics
Zahra Sabzi
1
, Reza Mohammadi
2
, Razieh Talebi
3*
, Gholam Reza Roshandel
2
1
Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran;
2
Sayyad Medical and Educational
Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran;
3
Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical
Sciences, Gorgan, Iran;
4
Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical
Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Citation: Sabzi Z, Mohammadi R, Talebi R, Roshandel
GR. Medication Errors and Their Relationship with Care
Complexity and Work Dynamics. Open Access Maced J
Med Sci. 2019 Nov 15; 7(21):3579-3583.
https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.722
Keywords: Child; Drug Incompatibility; Hospital;
Medication Errors; Workplace
*Correspondence: Razieh Talebi. Nursing Research
Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan,
Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 17-May-2019; Revised: 29-Sep-2019;
Accepted: 30-Sep-2019; Online first: 10-Oct-2019
Copyright: © 2019 Zahra Sabzi, Reza Mohammadi,
Razieh Talebi, Gholam Reza Roshandel. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Funding: This research was financially supported by the
Deputy of Research and Technology of Golestan
University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no
competing interests exist
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Medication errors are currently known as the most common medical errors. Research shows
that work environment and organisation management, in addition to the role of nurses, contribute to the
occurrence of an error.
AIM: Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the rate of nurses’ medication errors and its
relation to the care complexity and work dynamics in the Taleghani Pediatric Hospi
OR I G I N A L R E S E A R C H
Survey on Polypharmacy and Drug-Drug
Interactions Among Elderly People with
Cardiovascular Diseases at Yekatit 12 Hospital,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
This article was published in the following Dove Press journal:
Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice
Yelbeneh Abayneh Assefa1
Ansha Kedir1
Wubayehu Kahaliw 2
1Department of Pharmacology and
Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy,
College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa
University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
2Department of Pharmacology, School of
Pharmacy, College of Medicine and
Health Sciences, University of Gondar,
Gondar, Ethiopia
Background: Elderly people are most commonly associated with cardiac disease.
Cardiovascular diseases are interlinked with co-morbidities which require multiple drug therapy
in addition to cardiovascular drugs. This results to polypharmacy which carries a high risk of
potential drug-drug interactions. Elderly patients are at a particular risk of drug related problems
because of increased level of polypharmacy and the physiological changes which accompany
aging. This study was aimed to assess polypharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)
among elderly people with cardiovascular diseases at Yekatit 12 hospital.
Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study using patients chart review was con-
ducted on all elderly people with cardiovascular diseases at Yekatit 12 hospital in the period
between March 2018 and March 2019. The types, seriousness and level of potential DDIs
were checked using Medscape online drug interaction checker.
Results: The mean number of drugs per prescription was 4.25 ± 1.754 and the prevalence of
polypharmacy (concurrent use of 5 and more drugs) was 42.7%. Polypharmacy and potential
DDIs were significantly associated with polymorbidity (P = 0.000), being hospitalized (P =
0.047) and congestive heart failure (P = 0.016). A total of 850-potential DDIs were
identified, the mean number of potential DDIs was 3.37 per prescription. The potential
DDIs were mainly significant (73.29%) in nature and pharmacodynamics (73.06%) in
mechanism. The prevalence of total and serious potential DDIs were 84.3% and 17.3%,
respectively. Most commonly interacting drug combination was aspirin + enalapril (30.2%).
Conclusion: A higher incidence of polypharmacy and increased risk of potential DDIs in
elderly people with cardiovascular disease are major therapeutic issues at Yekatit 12
hospital.
Keywords: polypharmacy, drug-drug interaction, cardiovascular diseases, elderly
Background
In many countries of the world, elderly people are significant in number and 60% of
them are fo
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328686062
Medication incompatibility in intravenous lines in a Paediatric Inten-sive
Care Unit (PICU) of Indonesian hospital
Article in Critical Care and Shock · August 2018
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106 2020 Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice | Published by Wolters Kluwer – Medknow
Objective: The main aim of the study was to identify the physical and chemical
incompatibilities among the drugs administered intravenously to patients
admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a 1000 bedded hospital. The study
also envisaged establishing pharmaceutical guidelines for the administration of
incompatible medications. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was
conducted from January to July 2018 in the ICU after getting approval from the
Hospital Ethics Committee. A total of 104 medication charts were collected, and
their data were analyzed. Compatibility of the selected drug with a second drug,
when given together, was then analyzed using the Micromedex health-care series,
Trissel’s handbook of injectable drugs, and Manufacturer’s product information. The
pharmaceutical intervention was performed by preparing. The drug compatibility
chart of selected drugs and the same was reported to the study department.
Findings: Of 104 medication charts reviewed, 66 charts had incompatibility,
accounting for 90 incompatibilities. Incompatibility between two intravenous (IV)
bolus drugs constituted 68.8% with pantoprazole and ondansetron (85.4%) being
the most frequent combination. Incompatibility between infusion-bolus was found
to be 26.6%. Meropenem (infusion) and pantoprazole (bolus) constituted 16.6%.
Incompatibility between two infusions in the same IV line was found to be
4.4%. A drug compatibility chart containing 19 selected drugs was prepared and
submitted to the study department for their perusal. Conclusion: The current study
showed that a significant number of drug incompatibilities occur in hospitalized
critically ill patients in our tertiary care hospital. These incompatibilities could
generally be prevented by adhering to proper medication administration techniques
like flushing the line using compatible fluid or through a multi‑lumen catheter or
multiple IV access.
Keywords: Critically ill patients, drug‑related problems, intensive care unit,
intravenous drug incompatibilities
Intravenous Drug Incompatibilities in the Intensive Care Unit of a
Tertiary Care Hospital in India: Are they Preventable?
Shanmugam Sriram1, S. Aishwarya2, Akhila Moithu2, Akshaya Sebastian2, Ajith Kumar2
Address for correspondence:
Prof. Shanmugam Sriram,
E-mail: [email protected]
18.6% of the total medication errors (MEs) belong to
the category physicochemical incompatibility.[4]
Drug incompatibility results from the simultaneous
dilution and/or administration of two or more drugs
that interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of the
medications and patient safety, visually evidenced by
Original Art
Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=dcia20
Clinical Interventions in Aging
ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/dcia20
Evaluation of pharmacist interventions and
commonly used medications in the geriatric ward
of a teaching hospital in Turkey: a retrospective
study
Elif Ertuna, Mehmet Zuhuri Arun, Seval Ay, Fatma Özge Kayhan Koçak,
Bahattin Gökdemir & Gül İspirli
To cite this article: Elif Ertuna, Mehmet Zuhuri Arun, Seval Ay, Fatma Özge Kayhan Koçak,
Bahattin Gökdemir & Gül İspirli (2019) Evaluation of pharmacist interventions and commonly used
medications in the geriatric ward of a teaching hospital in Turkey: a retrospective study, Clinical
Interventions in Aging, , 587-600, DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S201039
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S201039
© 2019 Ertuna et al. This wor
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